According to the World Health Organization, the combined effects of household and ambient air pollution from particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide and burning fuels are associated with 6.7 million premature deaths annually. Air pollution can trigger or worsen asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung infections, cardiovascular disease, cognitive issues and reproductive problems like low birth weight and birth defects.

"While most people think of highways and factories, many of the biggest contributors to everyday air pollution start at home. Gas stoves, wood-burning fireplaces, scented candles and household cleaning sprays can all release harmful pollutants into the air, even when used in moderation,” states David Lu, co-founder and CEO of Clarity Movement Co., an environmental technology company based in Berkeley, California.

Lu notes, “The decisions people make every day—what they drive, how they cook, the products they use in their homes—shape the quality of the air they and their neighbors breathe.” Although the development of cleaner technologies and fuels is paramount, each individual can also be a catalyst for positive change.

 

Air-Quality Culprits
 

Indoor air quality has significantly deteriorated in recent decades due to synthetic building materials, chemical-laden personal care products and toxic household cleaners, compounded by energy-saving construction practices that can actually compromise air-exchange systems and lead to the accumulation of particulate matter (PM). PM, or soot, is a complex mixture of tiny particles and liquid droplets that can penetrate the lungs and bloodstream, causing inflammation and oxidative stress, adversely affecting vital organs.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PM can enter indoor spaces through ventilation, open windows and small cracks in the building envelope. “Particle pollution is made up of several components, including nitrate, ammonium and sulfate compounds, organic compounds, metals, and soil or dust particles,” explains EPA Press Secretary Carolyn Holran. “It can be directly emitted or can form when gases emitted from power plants, industrial sources, automobiles and other sources react in the air. The reverse—indoor air sources contributing to outdoor air pollution—can also be significant, particularly in densely populated areas.”

Brian Christman, M.D., professor of medicine at Vanderbilt University and national spokesperson for the American Lung Association, highlights radon as the most overlooked indoor pollutant and second-leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. This radioactive, odorless gas can accumulate indoors. The EPA recommends radon testing, followed by professional mitigation for high levels.

Christman suggests avoiding volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from household items like furniture; wood- and coal-burning stoves, fireplaces and heaters; engineered wood and synthetic flooring; and new carpeting. Other sources of VOCs include tobacco smoke, interior paints, nail polish remover, chemical air fresheners, scented candles, cleaning sprays, perfumes and dry-cleaned clothing.

Holran warns of the short- and long-term adverse health effects from VOCs, particularly for children, the elderly and individuals with preexisting respiratory issues. “These pollutants can linger indoors long after the activity is complete, especially in poorly ventilated areas,” she explains.

 

Lessening Our Impact

 

Lu underscores the toxic impact of idling cars and gas-powered lawn equipment such as mowers and leaf blowers. “These sources may feel small in isolation but collectively have a measurable impact,” he laments. Idling vehicles release toxins linked to serious health effects. According to the EPA, monitoring at schools has revealed high levels of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde during school pickups. Turning off engines when idling more than 10 to 30 seconds helps. The agency also offers an Idle-Free Schools Toolkit for schools to follow.

An affordable air pollution monitor can assess home air quality, detecting pollutants like PM and carbon monoxide. Holran recommends heat recovery ventilators and energy recovery ventilators to exchange indoor pollutants with fresh air while saving energy.

Christman suggests using heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems on the recycle or recirculation setting to minimize the entry of poor outdoor air; scheduling annual HVAC maintenance; and keeping basements and bathrooms dry to prevent mold. He also advocates for eco-friendly cleaners and plain soap and water.

Ultimately, small changes can yield significant results. “Start by identifying habits that don’t actually serve you,” says Lu. “Do you need to idle the car while waiting? Could an air purifier replace a scented air freshener? Is that gas-powered leaf blower really essential? The cleanest choice often isn’t harder—it’s just different.”

 

Zak Logan is a freelance writer dedicated to healthier living.

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